Frequency tuning for LC circuits

ABSTRACT

Apparatus and methods are disclosed related to tuning a resonant frequency of an LC circuit. In some implementations, the LC circuit can be embodied in a low noise amplifier (LNA) of a receiver. The receiver can include a component configured to generate an indicator of received signal strength indication (RSSI) of a radio frequency (RF) signal received by the receiver. A control block can adjust the resonant frequency of the LC circuit based at least in part on the indicator of RSSI. As another example, the receiver can include an oscillator, such as a VCO, separate from the LC circuit that can be used to tune the resonant frequency of the LC circuit. These apparatus can compensate for variation in a zero imaginary component of an impedance across the LC circuit.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/464,541, filed May 4, 2012, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to electronics, and, more particularly, tocircuits configured to oscillate.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED TECHNOLOGY

Electronic systems can include wireless communications transceivers.Wireless communication transceivers can be used in a variety ofapplications, such as smart electric grid wireless networks, wirelesssensor networks, point-to-point data links, data streaming applications,mobile communications networks, the like, or any combination thereof.Specifications for such transceivers can have requirements for lowand/or ultra-low power consumption. For instance, a wireless transceiverused in a wireless sensor network can be required to consume no morethan about 22 mW of power in receive mode, according to somespecifications. This can enable the wireless transceiver to operate for20 years from AA batteries without replacing the batteries.Alternatively or additionally, highly accurate location information ofthe devices used in these applications can be required in particularwireless sensor networks and/or smart electric grid devices. Thesenetworks can include a large number (for example, millions) of deviceswithin a relatively local area, such as a metropolitan area. It can bedesirable to provide accurate location information for each device.

In some applications, a receiver can include various radio frequency(RF) blocks, such as a low noise amplifier (LNA), an RF mixer, abaseband amplifier, a channel filter, a programmable gain amplifier(PGA), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), the like, or anycombination thereof. A receiver can be a standalone part or a receiveportion of a transceiver. Each of the RF blocks of the receiver can havea nominal gain, from which a total nominal gain from the receiver to aparticular point can be determined. The total nominal gain can affectreceiver parameters, such as sensitivity and/or linearity. Variation inthe receiver gain from the nominal gain in the presence of temperaturevariation, supply variation, process variations, or any combinationthereof can result in variation in receiver parameters, such assensitivity and/or linearity. In some cases, such variation can degradereceiver performance metrics, which can cause the receiver to receive asignal or not receive the signal.

The total receiver gain can determine how accurately the received signalstrength can be measured. One metric for measuring the received signalstrength is a received signal strength indication (RSSI) of thereceiver. In some wireless systems, it can be desirable to accuratelyestimate the signal strength at the receiver input using the receiverRSSI function with a threshold accuracy, for example an accuracy ofabout +/−1 dB. The wireless systems can be used in location measurementsin which an accurate location of devices is desired and the accuracy ofthe location within a few meters or less can depend on the accuracy ofthe receiver RSSI. The absolute accuracy of the RSSI measurement, aswell as RSSI measurement variation across process, supply voltage andtemperature (together “PVT”) can be important for these applications.

In an RF receiver, the gain of the RF blocks can be more challenging tostabilize across PVT variations than the gain of base-band blocks. Forinstance, it can be challenging to stabilize the gain of an RF block,such as an LNA, that has a voltage gain that is set using one or more LCcircuits. As one example, frequency of a peak of the real impedance anda value of the peak real impedance can vary with PVT variations.Accordingly, a need exists for stabilizing the gain of RF circuits thatinclude LC circuits.

SUMMARY OF CERTAIN INVENTIVE ASPECTS

In one embodiment, an apparatus includes an LC circuit, a positivetransconductance circuit, and a negative transconductance circuit. TheLC circuit has a first end and a second end, and the LC circuit has aresonant frequency. The positive transconductance circuit is configuredto increase the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit andthe second end of the LC circuit. The negative transconductance circuitis configured to decrease the conductance between the first end of theLC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit.

According to some implementations, an inductor of the LC circuit caninclude metal windings, and the positive transconductance circuit andthe negative transconductance circuit can be configured to adjust theconductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second endof the LC circuit to compensate for variation in resistance of the metalwindings.

In certain implementations, the apparatus can include a low-noiseamplifier (LNA) that includes the LC circuit. In accordance with some ofthese implementations, the positive transconductance circuit and thenegative transconductance circuit can be configured to vary the gain ofthe LNA by tuning of the quality factor of the LC circuit. For instance,at least one of the positive transconductance circuit or the negativetransconductance circuit can be configured to set a voltage gain rangefor the LNA based at least in part on a programmable bias voltageapplied to a gate of a transistor of the at least one of the positivetransconductance circuit or the negative transconductance circuit.According to various implementations, the positive transconductancecircuit can be configured to increase the conductance between the firstend of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based on avariation in a performance aspect detected by an open loop of a receiverof the apparatus. In accordance with some other implementations, thepositive transconductance circuit can be configured to increase theconductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second endof the LC circuit based on a variation in a performance aspect detectedby a closed feedback loop of a receiver of the apparatus, in which theclosed loop includes the LNA. The apparatus can also include an on chipradio frequency (RF) source having an output electrically coupleable toan input of the LNA according to certain implementations. Alternativelyor additionally, the apparatus can include a switch configured toselectively electrically couple an input of the LNA to an off-chip RFsource according to various implementations. An input of the LNA can becontrollable during a quality factor tuning phase of operation to obtaintarget values for an algorithm to determine an amount by which to adjustthe conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the secondend of the LC circuit, according to a number of implementations.

According to various implementations, the apparatus can also include atemperature detection element configured to obtain an indicator of atemperature associated with the LC circuit, in which the positivetransconductance circuit and the negative trans-conductance circuit areconfigured to adjust the conductance between the first end of the LCcircuit and the second end of the LC circuit based at least in part onthe indicator of IC temperature.

In accordance with certain implementations, the apparatus can alsoinclude an oscillator separate from the LC circuit, in which thepositive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductancecircuit are configured to adjust the conductance between the first endof the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based at least inpart on an indicator of quality factor generated by the oscillatorseparate from the LC circuit.

In some implementations, the LC circuit can be embodied in a receiver,in which the receiver includes a receiver component configured tomeasure received signal strength indication (RSSI), and in which thepositive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductancecircuit are configured to adjust the conductance between the first endof the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based at least inpart on the RSSI.

According to a number of implementations, the positive transconductancecircuit and the negative transconductance circuit can be configured tostabilize parasitic resistance across the first end of the LC circuitand the second end of the LC circuit.

In various implementations, the negative transconductance circuit caninclude a first field effect transistor and a second field effecttransistor, the first field effect transistor having a gate coupled tothe first end of the LC circuit and a drain coupled to the second end ofthe LC circuit, and the second field effect transistor having a gatecoupled to the second end of the LC circuit and a drain coupled to thefirst end of the LC circuit. According to some of these implementations,the positive transconductance circuit can include a third field effecttransistor and a fourth field effect transistor, in which the thirdfield effect transistor is diode connected and has a drain coupled tothe second end of the LC circuit, and in which the fourth field effecttransistor is diode connected and has a drain coupled to the first endof the LC circuit.

In another embodiment, an apparatus includes an LNA. The LNA includes anLC circuit and a quality factor tuning circuit. The LC circuit has afirst node and a second node. The quality factor tuning circuit iselectrically coupled to the first node of the LC circuit and the secondnode of the LC circuit. The quality factor tuning circuit is configuredto stabilize the gain of the LNA by adjusting the conductance betweenthe first node of the LC circuit and the second node of the LC circuit.

In another embodiment, a method of tuning a quality factor of an LCcircuit includes: detecting an indication of a variation in the qualityfactor of the LC circuit; adjusting a parasitic resistance across the LCcircuit based at least in part on the indication of the variation; andstabilizing the parasitic resistance of the LC circuit as operatingconditions of the LC circuit change.

In some implementations, adjusting the parasitic resistance across theLC circuit can include increasing the conductance between a first end ofthe LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit via a positivetransconductance circuit, and decreasing the conductance between a firstend of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit via anegative transconductance circuit.

According to certain implementations, stabilizing the parasiticresistance across the LC circuit can include stabilizing the qualityfactor of the LC circuit.

In accordance with various implementations, the LC circuit is embodiedin an LNA.

In a number of implementations, the variation can be caused by at leastone of a temperature variation or a process variation.

In certain implementations, the operating conditions can include atemperature of an integrated circuit that includes the LC circuit.

According to some implementations, the method can also includegenerating the indicator of the variation with a temperature detectionelement.

In accordance with various implementations, the method can also includegenerating the indicator of the variation with an oscillator separatefrom the LC circuit. According to some of these implementations, themethod can also include detecting an onset of oscillation of theoscillator that is separate from the LC circuit, wherein adjusting isbased at least in part on said detecting.

In certain implementations, the LC circuit can be embodied in areceiver, and the method can also include measuring a received signalstrength indication (RSSI) of an RF signal received by the receiver, andin which the indicator of the variation is the measured RSSI.

According to some implementations, the LC circuit can be embodied in anLNA of a receiver, and the method can also include forcing the LNA intooscillation, and in which stabilizing the parasitic resistance of the LCcircuit is based on RSSI.

In accordance with some implementations, the method can also includereceiving a signal from an off-chip RF source at an input of an LNA thatincludes the LC circuit, and determining RSSI based on a specified powerlevel of the signal from the off-chip RF source, and in whichstabilizing the parasitic resistance of the LC circuit is based on theRSSI.

In another embodiment, an apparatus includes a receiver. The receiverincludes a receiver component, a control block, an LC circuit, and aswitching network. The receiver component is configured to generate areceived signal strength indication (RSSI) of a radio frequency (RF)signal received by the receiver. The control block is configured togenerate LC circuit frequency tuning data based at least in part on theRSSI. The LC circuit has a resonant frequency. The switching network isconfigured to adjust the resonant frequency of the LC circuit based atleast in part on the LC circuit frequency tuning data.

According to various implementations, the LC circuit can be embodied ina low noise amplifier (LNA). In some of these implementations, theswitching network can be configured to control the LC circuit so as tocompensate for a variation in the resonant frequency of the LC circuitof the LNA.

In accordance with a number of implementations, the receiver componentis configured to determine RSSI.

The receiver can include a closed feedback loop in which the RSSI isprovided to the control block in accordance with certainimplementations. In some of these implementations, the control block canbe configured to generate the LC circuit frequency tuning data based atleast in part on a two-dimensional Successive Approximation (SAR)algorithm. Alternatively or additionally, the control block can beconfigured to generate the LC circuit frequency tuning data based atleast in part on a linear search algorithm according to variousimplementations.

According to certain implementations, the apparatus can also include apositive transconductance circuit configured to increase the conductancebetween a first end of the LC circuit and a second end of the LCcircuit, and a negative transconductance circuit configured to decreasethe conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the secondend of the LC circuit.

In a number of implementations, the receiver is embodied in atransceiver.

In another embodiment, an apparatus includes a receiver. The receiverincludes an oscillator, a control circuit, and a low noise amplifier(LNA). The oscillator is configured to generate frequency tuning data.The control circuit is configured to generate LC circuit frequencytuning data based at least in part on the frequency tuning datagenerated by the oscillator. The LNA includes an LC circuit separatefrom the oscillator, in which the LC circuit has a resonant frequency.The LNA also includes a switching network configured to adjust theresonant frequency of the LC circuit based at least in part on thefrequency data generated by the oscillator that is separate from the LCcircuit.

In various implementations, the oscillator can include a scaled replicaof the LC circuit.

According to certain implementations, the control circuit can beconfigured to map frequency tuning data from the oscillator to LNAfrequency tuning data. In some of these implementations, the controlcircuit can include a look up table storing data for mapping frequencytuning data from the oscillator to LNA frequency tuning data.

In accordance with a number of implementations, the frequency tuningdata generated by the oscillator can be indicative of an onset ofoscillation of the oscillator.

The oscillator can be a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) according tocertain implementations.

In various implementations, the apparatus can also include a qualityfactor tuning circuit configured to stabilize a parasitic resistanceacross the LC circuit by adjusting conductance across the LC circuit.

In yet another embodiment, a method of tuning a resonant frequency of anLC circuit of a receiver includes: obtaining a received signal strengthindication (RSSI) of a radio frequency (RF) signal received by thereceiver; generating LC circuit frequency tuning data based at least inpart on the RSSI; and tuning the resonant frequency of the LC circuitbased at least in part on the LC circuit frequency tuning data.

According to a number of implementations, the LC circuit can be embodiedin a low noise amplifier (LNA). In some implementations, the method canalso include forcing the LNA into oscillation, in which generating LCfrequency tuning data is based at least in part on data generated by adigital demodulator of the receiver while the LNA is forced intooscillation. In certain implementations, the method can also includereceiving a signal from an off-chip RF source at an input of an LNA thatincludes the LC circuit, and determining RSSI based on a specified powerlevel of the signal from the off-chip RF source.

In certain implementations, generating LC circuit frequency tuning datacan include applying a two-dimensional Successive Approximation (SAR)algorithm on the RSSI.

In accordance with various implementations, generating LC circuitfrequency tuning data can include applying a linear search algorithm onthe RSSI.

The method can also include determining RSSI in certain implementations.

In some implementations, tuning can include compensating for variationin a resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

According to a number of implementations, tuning can compensate for atleast one of variation in capacitance of oxide layers between aninductor of the LC circuit and a substrate or variation in capacitanceof active devices of a low-noise amplifier that includes the LC circuit.

For purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantagesand novel features of the inventions have been described herein. It isto be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may beachieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention.Thus, the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner thatachieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taughtherein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taughtor suggested herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C are block diagrams of LC circuits and frequency and/orquality factor tuning circuits.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an example LNA that can be used in anRF receiver according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic diagrams of example quality factor tuningcircuits according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a graph that illustrates a relationship among a quality factorcontrol value and an ADC code indicative of IC temperature.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an example capacitor switching circuitthat can be included in the frequency tuning circuit.

FIG. 6 is a graph that illustrates a relationship among LNA frequencybands and VCO frequency bands after frequency tuning.

FIGS. 7-13 are schematic block diagrams of RF receivers and componentsthereof, and graphs relating thereto, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example RF receiver configured to tune aquality factor and/or a frequency of an LNA.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of another example RF receiver in whichquality factor of the LC circuit of the LNA can be tuned based on adetected temperature of an IC that includes the RF receiver and/orfrequency of the LC circuit of the LNA can be tuned based on tuning datagenerated for a separate VCO.

FIG. 8B is a graph that illustrates a relationship among temperature andreceived signal strength indication (RSSI) error at multiple powerlevels of the example receiver of FIG. 8A.

FIG. 8C is a graph that illustrates a relationship among temperature andRSSI for multiple devices of the example receiver of FIG. 8A.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of another example RF receiver that isconfigured to use a VCO for tuning a resonant frequency of the LCcircuit of the LNA and/or to detect variation in quality factor of theLC circuit of the LNA.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example of a VCO separate from the LNAthat can detect variations in quality factor.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example RF receiver configured toreceive an external off-chip RF source at an input of the LNA forfrequency tuning and/or quality factor tuning.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example RF receiver that includes anon-chip RF source coupled to an input of the LNA for frequency and/orquality factor tuning.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an example RF receiver in which an inputto the LNA can be controlled during a frequency and/or quality factortuning phase of operation to obtain target values for an algorithm todetermine the quality factor tuning value and/or the frequency tuningvalue.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description of certain embodiments presentsvarious descriptions of specific embodiments of the inventions. However,the inventions can be embodied in a multitude of different ways asdefined and covered by the claims. In this description, reference ismade to the drawings in which like reference numerals indicate identicalor functionally similar elements. Headings, if any, are provided forconvenience only and do not necessarily affect the scope of the claimedinvention.

Generally described, aspects of this disclosure relate to adjusting again of an LC circuit that includes one or more inductors (L) and one ormore capacitors (C). An LC circuit may also be referred to as a resonantcircuit or a tuned circuit. In some instances, the LC circuit can bereferred to as an LC tank. The inductor(s) and/or capacitor(s) of the LCcircuit can be coupled in series and/or parallel with each other.

More specifically, aspects of this disclosure relate to tuning aresonant frequency and/or a quality factor of an LC circuit. In someimplementations, the LC circuit can correspond to an LC tank resonantcircuit of a low noise amplifier (LNA). Although the LC circuit may bedescribed as an LC circuit of an LNA for illustrative purposes, it willbe understood that any combination of features described herein withreference to an LC circuit of an LNA can be implemented in connectionwith any other suitable LC circuit. By stabilizing a gain of an LNA,location information indicative of a position of a device that includesthe LNA can be accurately obtained according to certain implementations.

A gain G_(LNA) of the LNA can be represented by a transconductanceg_(M,LNA) of the LNA multiplied by a parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA)across the LNA LC circuit, for example, as shown in Equation 1.G _(LNA) =g _(M,LNA) ×R _(P,LNA)  (Eq. 1)

A substantially constant g_(M) biasing circuit can stabilize thetransconductance g_(M,LNA). For instance, the transconductance g_(M,LNA)can be the transconductance of one or more transistors in a sustainingamplifier of the LNA that are configured to drive an output node. It canbe desirable for the transconductance g_(M,LNA) of the LNA to besubstantially constant because an input impedance of the LNA can bedetermined by the input transconductance of the LNA. As a result, theLNA gain variation can be subject to the variation of the parasiticresistance R_(P,LNA). The value of the parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA)can be determined, for example, by an impedance of an LNA load includedin the LNA. The LNA load can include an inductor load coupled with acapacitive load on the inductor due to active LNA elements. This canform an LC circuit as the LNA load. The LC circuit can be designed suchthat a zero imaginary component of impedance across the LC circuitoccurs at the center of the frequency band of operation of the LNA. Assuch, inductive plus capacitive loads can resonate at the center of thefrequency band of operation of the LNA. As a result, the parasiticresistance R_(P,LNA) can be the load of the LNA at the resonantfrequency. The parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) can be equivalent to theparallel resistance across the LC circuit of the LNA. The value of theparasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) can vary due to at least one of two mainfactors: the quality factor of the LC circuit and the frequency of thezero imaginary component of the LC circuit. Thus, to stabilize the LNAgain, the parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) can be stabilized in thepresence of the variations due to the quality factor of the LC circuitand/or the frequency of the zero imaginary component of impedance acrossthe LC circuit.

The parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) of the LNA can be based on thequality factor of the LC circuit. The quality factor of the LNA devicecapacitances and/or other parasitic capacitive components may nottypically determine the overall quality factor of the LC circuit. Incontrast, an inductor of the LC circuit may have a significant impact onthe overall quality factor. Since the inductor can typically be formedof metal windings, the quality factor can be determined by a resistanceof the metal being used in such implementations. The metal resistancemay vary, for example, in the presence of temperature variations and/orprocess variations.

To stabilize the value of the parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA), a positiveor a negative transconductance can be added in parallel with theparasitic resistance R_(P,LNA). The sign of the additionaltransconductance can be based on the direction of change of the value ofthe parasitic conductance G_(MP,LNA), which can be the reciprocal of theparasitic resistance R_(P,LNA). The resistance of the metal from whichthe inductor is formed can have a positive temperature coefficient. As aresult, if the temperature increases, the series resistance of theinductor can consequently increase. This can cause the value ofparasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) to decrease (its conductance can increaseand resistance has an inverse relationship to conductance). Thus, addinga negative conductance to parasitic conductance G_(MP,LNA) can reduceeffective parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) of the LNA to a nominal value.The nominal value can represent the parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) ifthere were no variations, such as process variations, supply voltagevariations, temperature variations, or any combination thereof. On theother hand, if the temperature decreases, the value of the parasiticconductance G_(MP,LNA) can increase. Accordingly, adding a positiveconductance can reduce the parasitic conductance G_(MP,LNA) to be closerto the nominal value. The addition of a positive or a negativeconductance in parallel with the parasitic conductance G_(MP,LNA) can,in effect, stabilize or tune the quality factor of the LC circuit suchthat the quality factor remains close to a nominal value that representsa quality factor of the LC circuit in the presence of no variations,such as process variations, supply voltage variations, temperaturevariations, or any combination thereof.

A zero imaginary component of impedance across the LC circuit can beapproximately equal to zero at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.The frequency of the zero imaginary component of the impedance acrossthe LC circuit may vary due to, for example, a variation of thecapacitive component of the active devices of the LNA and/or thepermittivity of oxide layers between the inductor and a substrate. As aresult, a magnitude of the impedance at the center of the frequency bandof the LC circuit may vary. Additionally, the LNA may operate over afrequency band around the resonant frequency. For instance, for the 2.4GHz ISM band, the frequency band may extend from approximately 2.4 GHzto approximately 2.4835 GHz. Thus, it can be desirable for the frequencyof the zero imaginary component of the LC circuit to be tuned to adesired frequency based on a channel frequency selected for thereceiver.

The frequency of the zero imaginary component of the of the impedanceacross the LC circuit of the LNA can be tuned to a desired frequency anumber of ways based on the channel frequency selected for the receiver.As one example, a scaled replica of an LC circuit-based VCO (or otheroscillator) capacitive tuning network that is separate from the LNA canbe used to adjust the operating frequency of the LNA LC circuit. Sincethe frequency of operation of the LNA can be a factor of the operatingfrequency of the VCO (for example, a factor of 2), a scaling factor canbe applied to the capacitive tuning network configured to adjust theoperating frequency of the LNA LC circuit. The VCO capacitive tuningnetwork can include switched capacitors configured to adjust a frequencyband of the VCO LC circuit. The VCO, which can be part of a phase-lockedloop (PLL), can be tuned to a desired frequency using high frequencycounters based on conventional PLL techniques. A VCO resonant frequencycalibration algorithm can select a desired frequency band. Thus, whenthe LNA LC circuit is a scaled replica of the separate VCO LC circuit, ascaling factor can be used to convert the VCO frequency band obtained bythe tuning algorithm to obtain the desired LNA frequency band. It willbe understood that the LNA LC circuit frequency can be adjusted a numberof other ways based on frequency tuning information, for example, asdescribed below.

FIGS. 1A-1C are block diagrams of LC circuits and frequency and/orquality factor tuning circuits. An LC circuit 10 can oscillate at aresonant frequency. A frequency tuning circuit 16 can adjust theresonant frequency of the LC circuit 10. A quality factor tuning circuit18 can adjust the quality factor associated with the LC circuit 10. Asshown in FIG. 1A, the LC circuit 10 can be tuned by the frequency tuningcircuit 16 and the quality factor tuning circuit 18. In otherimplementations, the LC circuit 10 can be tuned by one of the qualityfactor tuning circuit 18 (FIG. 1B) or the frequency tuning circuit 16(FIG. 1C). The quality factor tuning circuit 18 can tune a qualityfactor of the LC circuit 10, for example, as described herein. Thefrequency tuning circuit 16 can tune a frequency of the LC circuit 10,for example, as described herein. The quality factor tuning and/or thefrequency tuning described herein can be implemented in hardware, infirmware/software, or by a combination of both firmware/software andhardware. Such firmware/software can include instructions stored in anon-transitory computer readable media executable by one or moreprocessors.

A control block 19 can control the frequency tuning circuit 16 and/orthe quality factor tuning circuit 18. In addition, the control block 19can implement one or more tuning algorithms, such as a linear searchalgorithm or a successive approximation (SAR) algorithm, to generate afrequency circuit control value and/or a quality factor circuit controlvalue. For instance, the control block 19 can generate the frequencytuning control value based on an indicator of RSSI or other suitabledata. The indicator of RSSI can be generated by a receiver component.For example, the receiver component can measure and/or estimate RSSI. Asanother example, the control block 19 can generate the frequency tuningcontrol value based on frequency tuning data for an oscillator, such asa VCO, separate from the LC circuit 10. Alternatively or additionally,the control block 19 can generate the quality factor control value basedon an indicator of a temperature of an integrated circuit on which theLC circuit 10 is embodied, quality factor data generated by anoscillator, such as a VCO, separate from the LC circuit 10, any otherdata suitable data for adjusting the quality factor of the LC circuit10, or any combination thereof.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an example LNA 20 that can be used inan RF receiver. The receiver can be a stand alone part or a receiverportion of a transceiver. The example LNA 20 illustrated in FIG. 2 iscommon gate LNA architecture. The LNA 20 can include an LC circuit, suchas an LC circuit 25. The LC circuit 25 can be referred to as an LC tank.The LNA 20 can also include a frequency tuning circuit 26 and/or aquality factor tuning circuit 28.

The LC circuit 25 can generate signals at a first node OUT+ and a secondnode OUT−. The first node can be referred to as a first end of the LCcircuit 25, and the second node can be referred to as the second end ofthe LC circuit 25. For example, the voltage at the first node OUT+ andthe second node OUT− can be periodic as the LC circuit 25 resonates. Thesignals at the first node OUT+ and the second node OUT− can besinusoidal signals that are approximately 180 degrees out of phase withrespect to each other, in some implementations. For instance, the firstnode OUT+ and the second node OUT− can have voltages that have oppositesigns and approximately the same magnitude at any given time. In otherimplementations, the first node OUT+ and the second node OUT− can havevoltages that have opposite logical values at any given time. In someimplementations, the first node OUT+ and the second node OUT− can bereferred to as a non-inverted node and an inverted node, respectively,and the signals can have values that are inverted from each other.

The LC circuit 25 can include of one or more inductors 22 a, 22 bcoupled in parallel with and one or more capacitors 24. The one or morecapacitors 24 can represent parasitic capacitances and/or devicecapacitances. A resonant frequency ω of the LC circuit 25 can beproportional to the reciprocal of the square root of the inductance L ofthe one or more inductors 22 a, 22 b times an effective capacitance C ofthe LC circuit, for example, as represented by the Equation 2.

$\begin{matrix}{\omega = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 2} \right)\end{matrix}$

The resonant frequency ω of the LC circuit 25 can be tuned by thefrequency tuning circuit 26 configured to adjust the effectivecapacitance C of the LC circuit 25. The effective capacitance caninclude the total capacitance of capacitive elements of the LC circuitand other parasitic capacitance(s) coupled in parallel with the LCcircuit. The frequency tuning circuit 26 can include one or morecapacitive circuit elements that can be coupled in parallel and/orseries with a resonant portion of the LC circuit 25. For instance, thefrequency tuning circuit 26 can couple a first end of a capacitivecircuit element to the first node OUT+ and a second end of thecapacitive circuit element to the second node OUT−. With additionaleffective capacitance, the resonant frequency ω of the LC circuit 25 candecrease. Conversely, with reduced effective capacitance, the resonantfrequency ω of the LC circuit 25 can increase. The frequency tuningcircuit 26 can tune the resonant frequency ω within a selected frequencyband.

The quality factor of the LC circuit 25 can be tuned by the qualityfactor tuning circuit 28. The quality factor tuning circuit 28 can beconfigured to provide a programmable voltage gain for the LNA 20, forexample, by adjusting the transconductance g_(M,LNA) of the LNA 20. Thequality factor tuning circuit can vary the voltage gain of the LNA 20 bya large range (for example, about 18 dB in some implementations) acrossoperating temperatures. Alternatively or additionally, LNA noisevariation can be relatively small across (for example, about 0.5 dB insome implementations) across all settings of the quality factor tuningcircuit 28 and operating temperatures. As a result, the LNA 20 can meeta target noise figure even in the presence of process variations, supplyvoltage variations, temperature variations, the like, or any combinationthereof.

The quality factor tuning circuit 28 can include a negativetransconductance circuit 28 a and a positive transconductance circuit 28b. The negative transconductance circuit 28 a can have a first endcoupled to the first node OUT+ and a second end coupled to the secondnode OUT−. Similarly, the positive transconductance circuit 28 b canhave a first end coupled to the second node OUT− and a second endcoupled to the first node OUT+. Adding or subtracting transconductancein parallel with the parasitic transconductance g_(MP,LNA) of the LNA 20can tune the quality factor of the LC circuit 25 by adjusting forprocess variation, supply voltage variation, temperature variation, thelike, or any combination thereof.

Positive transconductance and negative transconductance circuits can beimplemented in a variety of ways. FIGS. 3A and 3B depict two examplequality factor tuning circuits 28 that include a negativetransconductance circuit 28 a and a positive transconductance circuit 28b. The example quality factor tuning circuit 28 of FIG. 3A can add lessadditional capacitance across the LC circuit 25 than a number of othertransconductance adjustment circuits, including the transconductanceadjustment circuit of FIG. 3B. The example quality factor tuning circuit28 of FIG. 3B can have a more linear operating range than a number ofother transconductance adjustment circuits including thetransconductance adjustment circuit of FIG. 3A. Any of the transistorsof the quality factor tuning circuit 28 can be n-type devices (forexample, NMOS devices as illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B) or p-typedevices (not shown).

FIG. 3A shows an example schematic diagram of the quality factor tuningcircuit 28. The negative transconductance circuit 28 a and the positivetransconductance circuit 28 b can together tune the quality factor of anLC circuit 10, such as the LC circuit 25. For instance, the negativetransconductance circuit 28 a and the positive transconductance circuit28 b can adjust the conductance across the LC circuit 25 to stabilizethe parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) and thereby maintain an approximatelyconstant LNA gain.

The negative transconductance circuit 28 a can include N negativetransconductance unit(s) 30, where N is a positive integer. Eachnegative transconductance unit 30 can include two cross-coupledswitches, such as first and second field effect transistors (FETs) 32and 34, respectively. The first FET 32 and the second FET 34 can haveapproximately the same lengths and widths. The first FET 32 and thesecond FET 34 can be sized to compensate for variations in thetransconductance of an LC circuit 10 due to process, supply voltage,temperature, the like, or any combination thereof at the resonantfrequency of the LC circuit 10. For instance, the first FET 32 and thesecond FET 34 can be sized to compensate for such variations in thetransconductance g_(MP,LNA) of an LNA 20 at the resonant frequency ofthe LC circuit 10. The conductance G of each negative transconductanceunit 30 can be proportional to the negative of the transconductanceg_(M) of the first FET 32 (or the second FET 34) divided by two. Forexample, the conductance G of each negative transconductance unit 30 canbe represented by Equation 3.G=−g _(M)/2  (Eq. 3)

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the first FET 32 can have a gate coupled to adrain of the second FET 34. The second FET 34 can have a gate coupled toa drain of the first FET 32. The drain of the first FET 32 can becoupled to the second node OUT− of the LC circuit 25 of FIG. 2. Thedrain of the second FET 34 can be coupled to the first node OUT+ of theLC circuit 25 of FIG. 2. Sources of the first FET 32 and the second FET34 can be coupled to a current source 36.

The positive transconductance circuit 28 b can include M positivetransconductance unit(s) 31, where M is a positive integer. Eachpositive transconductance unit 31 can include two diode connectedswitches, such as third and fourth field effect transistors (FETs) 42and 44, respectively. The third FET 42 and the fourth FET 44 can haveapproximately the same length and width. The third FET 42 and the fourthFET 44 can be sized to compensate for variations in the transconductanceof an LC circuit 10 due to process, supply voltage, temperature, thelike, or any combination thereof. For instance, the third FET 42 and thefourth FET 44 can be sized to compensate for such variations in thetransconductance g_(M,LNA). The conductance G of each positivetransconductance unit 31 can be proportional to the transconductanceg_(M) of the third FET 42 (and/or the fourth FET 44) divided by two. Forexample, the conductance G of each positive transconductance unit 31 canbe represented by Equation 4.G=g _(M)/2  (Eq. 4)

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the third FET 42 can have a gate coupled to adrain of the third FET 42 to form a diode connection. Similarly, thefourth FET 44 can have a gate coupled to a drain of the fourth FET 44 toform a diode connection. The drain of the third FET 42 can be coupled tothe second node OUT− of the LC circuit 25 of FIG. 2. The drain of thefourth FET 44 can be coupled to the first node OUT+ of the LC circuit 25of FIG. 2. Sources of the third FET 42 and the fourth FET 44 can becoupled to a current source 46.

The N negative transconductance units 30 can each have transistors thatare approximately the same size in some implementations. In otherimplementations, one or more of the N negative transconductance units 30can have transistors that are sized differently from one another suchthat they can adjust the transconductance by different amounts. The Mpositive transconductance units 31 can each have transistors that areapproximately the same size in some implementations. In otherimplementations, one or more of the M positive transconductance units 31can have transistors that are sized differently from one another suchthat they can adjust the transconductance by different amounts. M mayequal N in some implementations. However, M need not equal N. Forinstance, in certain applications there may be different needs forincreasing or decreasing transconductance such that a different numberof negative transconductance units 30 than positive transconductanceunits 31 may be desired. N can be any suitable number, such as 1, 2, 4,5, 8, 16, 32, or more. Likewise, M can be any suitable number, such as1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 16, 32, or more.

At least one bias current control signal can be provided to the qualityfactor tuning circuit 28. For example, a bias current digital-to-analogconverter (DAC) can generate a control signal to control a current levelof the bias current provided to the quality factor tuning circuit 28.Changing the current level can adjust an amount by whichtransconductance is adjusted. The bias current DAC can be controlled bya bias current control word and a select signal. The bias control wordand/or the select signal can be digital signals. The select signal cancontrol whether the negative transconductance circuit 28 a or thepositive transconductance circuit 28 b is activated. For example,circuitry can implement a logical AND of the select signal (or thecomplement of the select signal) and one or more bits of the biascontrol word to determine whether the quality factor tuning circuit 28increases or decreases conductance across an LC circuit 10, such as theLC circuit 25. Each bit of the bias current control word can control acurrent sources 36 in negative transconductance unit 30 or a currentsource 46 in a positive transconductance unit 31 based on whether theselect signal activates the negative transconductance circuit 28 a orthe positive transconductance circuit 28 b. In other implementations,separate bias current control words can be provided to the negativetransconductance circuit 28 a and the positive transconductance circuit28 b.

FIG. 3B shows another example schematic diagram of the quality factortuning circuit 28. Like reference numbers indicate functionally similarelements that can implement any combination of features described withreference to FIG. 3A. A bias voltage can be applied to the negativetransconductance circuit 28 a and/or the positive transconductancecircuit 28 b to set the voltage gain of the LNA 20. For instance, a biasvoltage V_(BIAS) can be applied to the gate of a transistor in thenegative transconductance circuit 28 a and/or the positivetransconductance circuit 28 b via a resistor. The bias voltage can beprogrammable to different voltage levels, which can thereby provide aprogrammable voltage gain range for the LNA. The resistor can be anexplicit resistor, rather than a parasitic resistance. A capacitor canbe coupled between the LC circuit and the gate of the transistor. Theresistors and the capacitors can cause the negative transconductancecircuit 28 a and/or the positive transconductance circuit 28 b to have amore linear operating range than the corresponding circuits illustratedin FIG. 3A.

As illustrated in FIG. 3B, the bias voltage V_(BIAS) can be provided tothe negative transconductance circuit 28 a. The bias voltage V_(BIAS)can be coupled to a first end of a first explicit resistor 52. A secondend of the first explicit resistor 52 can be coupled to the gate of thesecond FET 34. The bias voltage V_(BIAS) can be coupled to a first endof a second explicit resistor 54. A second end of the second explicitresistor 54 can be coupled to the gate of the first FET 32. A firstcapacitor 56 can be coupled between the second end of the first explicitresistor 52 and the second node OUT−. A first end of the first capacitor56 can be coupled to the gate of the second FET 34 and the second end ofthe first explicit resistor 52. A second end of the first capacitor 56can be coupled to the second node OUT− and the drain of the first FET32. A second capacitor 58 can be coupled between the second end of thesecond explicit resistor 54 and the first node OUT+. A first end of thesecond capacitor 58 can be coupled to the gate of the first FET 32 andthe second end of the second explicit resistor 54. A second end of thesecond capacitor 58 can be coupled to the first node OUT+ and the drainof the second FET 34.

The bias voltage V_(BIAS) can be provided the positive transconductancecircuit 28 b. The bias voltage V_(BIAS) can be coupled to a first end ofa third explicit resistor 60. A second end of the third explicitresistor 60 can be coupled to the gate of the third FET 42. The biasvoltage V_(BIAS) can be coupled to a first end of a fourth explicitresistor 62. A second end of the fourth explicit resistor 62 can becoupled to the gate of the fourth FET 44. A third capacitor 64 can becoupled between the second end of the third explicit resistor 60 and thesecond node OUT−. A first end of the third capacitor 64 can be coupledto the gate of the third FET 42 and the second end of the third explicitresistor 60. A second end of the third capacitor 64 can be coupled tothe second node OUT− and the drain of the third FET 42. A fourthcapacitor 66 can be coupled between the second end of the fourthexplicit resistor 62 and the first node OUT+. A first end of the fourthcapacitor 66 can be coupled to the gate of the fourth FET 44 and thesecond end of the fourth explicit resistor 62. A second end of thefourth capacitor 66 can be coupled to the first node OUT+ and the drainof the fourth FET 44.

The bias voltages provided to the negative transconductance circuit 28 aand the positive transconductance circuit 28 b can be approximately thesame in some implementations or different from each other in otherimplementations. Approximately the same bias voltage can be provided toeach negative transconductance unit 30 in some implementations.Different bias voltages can be provided to two or more negativetransconductance units 30 in other implementations. Approximately thesame bias voltage can be provided to each positive transconductance unit31 in some implementations. Different bias voltages can be provided totwo or more positive transconductance units 31 in other implementations.

The LNA quality factor can be adjusted based on an indicator oftemperature of an integrated circuit (IC) that includes the LNA in someimplementations. For example, the IC temperature can be measured usingan on-chip temperature sensor and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).A value indicative of the IC temperature, such as an ADC code, can bestored in a look-up table (LUT) or other non-volatile memory.

As mentioned earlier, the RSSI measurement from a receiver can bedirectly proportional to the receiver voltage gain. For example, anyvariation in the voltage gain of the receiver can translate to variationin the RSSI relative to a nominal RSSI value. The nominal RSSI value canrepresent an amount of RSSI in the absence of variations, such astemperate variations. The voltage gain of low frequency circuit blocksof the receiver and/or an RF mixer can be accurately stabilized acrossPVT variations. In such implementations, a significant contributor tothe variation of the voltage gain can be the LNA voltage gain and, inparticular, the gain of the LC circuit of the LNA. Alternatively oradditionally, there can be an initial error in the RSSI measurement dueto power losses in the RF front-end. This initial error can becorrected, for example, based on a single RF input power correction tothe receiver.

When the quality factor tuning circuit 28 is effectively switched off, araw variation in RSSI, which can be an indicator of receiver voltagegain, can be determined. Simulation data indicate that raw variation inRSSI can be significant impacted by variation in the LNA gain. Inparticular, the data indicate that variations in the parasiticresistance R_(P,LNA) of the LNA over temperature can have a significantimpact on RSSI.

To stabilize the RSSI across temperature (and consequently the voltagegain of the receiver in some applications), in implementations in whichtemperature is a significant contributor to the variation, a detectorcan detect this temperature variation. A transceiver IC can include atemperature detection element configured to digitize the detected anindicator of temperature variation from a nominal temperature. Thetemperature detection element can include an on-chip ADC configured todetect IC temperature. There can be a linear relationship between ICtemperature and the indicator of temperature variation. The indicator oftemperature variation can be used for accurately estimating thetemperature of the IC.

Based on measurements from the temperature detection element, a qualityfactor control value for the quality factor tuning circuit 28 can bedetermined for each temperature between within a desired operatingrange, for example from −55° C. to 125° C. The quality factor controlvalue can include the select signal and the bias current control word.The settings can maintain the RSSI value close to the nominal RSSIvalue, which can be approximately −85 dBm in some implementations. Asingle point correction at the nominal RSSI value can be applied tocompensate for losses in the RF front-end and/or measurement setup. Thequality factor control value can be determined based on the absolutevalue of the device temperature being applied to the temperaturedetection element and a relationship between quality factor tuningcircuit settings and RSSI. The quality factor control value for thequality factor tuning circuit 28 can be determined at each temperaturebased on a conversion from a measured indicator of temperature. Forinstance, where there is a linear relationship, the settings can bedetermined by multiplying the measured indication of temperature by aslope and adding an intercept and/or using a LUT. Simulation resultsindicate that applying the quality factor control value to the qualityfactor tuning circuit should result in an improvement in RSSI accuracy.In some simulations, RSSI accuracy has improved by about 3.5 dB.

FIG. 4 is a graph that illustrates a relationship among a quality factorcontrol value and an ADC code indicative of IC temperature. The qualityfactor control value can be represented by the bias current control wordand the select signal in some implementations. For example, a sign bitof the quality factor control value can correspond to the select signaland each bit of remaining bits of the quality factor control value cancorrespond to a bit of the bias current control word and stored in alookup table (LUT). The select signal can represent a polarity of thequality factor correction, i.e., whether to enable the negativetransconductance circuit 28 a or the positive transconductance circuit28 b. When an ADC code is provided to the LUT as an address, acorresponding quality factor control value can be read from the LUT. TheLUT can be configured such that for each average of the ADC code (whichcan be indicative of the IC temperature), a quality factor control valuecan be used. The quality factor control value can be provided to thequality factor tuning circuit 28 to adjust the quality factor of the LCcircuit 25. Simulation data indicate that tuning LNA gain with the basedon the relationship illustrated in the graph of FIG. 4 can result in asignificant reduction of RSSI error. For instance, in some simulations,RSSI error was reduced by about 3.5 to 6 dB compared to not usingquality factor correction. RSSI error can be reduced to about 1 to 2 dBin some implementations relative to ideal RSSI values.

In some other implementations, the LNA quality factor can be adjustedbased on a measurement of RSSI. For instance, an algorithm can beapplied to convert the measurement of RSSI to a quality factor controlvalue for the quality factor tuning circuit 28, which can include theselect signal and the bias current control word. More details regardingsome example algorithms and adjusting quality factor based on ameasurement of RSSI will be provided later, for example, with referenceto FIGS. 12-13.

In various implementations, the LNA quality factor can be adjusted basedon an indicator of quality factor of a VCO (or other oscillator) that isseparate from the LNA. For instance, the VCO quality factor can bedetected and then converted to a quality factor control value for thequality factor tuning circuit 28, which can include the select signaland the bias current control word. More details regarding adjustingquality factor based on an indicator of quality factor of a separate VCOwill be provided later, for example, with reference to FIG. 9.

Referring to FIG. 5, an example capacitor switching circuit 70 that canbe included in the frequency tuning circuit 26 will be described. Thefrequency tuning circuit 26 can include a plurality of capacitorswitching circuits 70 that can each be coupled to the inductor(s) 22 aand 22 b of the LC circuit 25. The capacitor switching circuits 70 canadjust the resonant frequency of the LC circuit 25 to a frequency withina desired frequency band. Each capacitor switching circuit 70 can becoupled in parallel with each other. Control signal(s) can toggleswitches in the capacitor switching circuits 70 to add and/or removeadditional capacitance from the effective capacitance of the LC circuit25. The effective capacitance can represent the combined capacitance ofthe tunable capacitance elements that are part of the LC circuit and thecapacitance of the capacitor(s) 24 in the LC circuit 25. For instance,each capacitor of the capacitor switching circuits 70 can be selectivelyincluded or excluded from the effective capacitance of the LC circuit 25based on values of the capacitance control signals opening and/orclosing switches, such as transistors. With additional capacitance, theLC circuit frequency can decrease. Conversely, with reduced capacitance,the LC circuit frequency can increase.

FIG. 5 depicts a single capacitor switching circuit 70. A switch 72,such as a field effect transistor, can be turned on or off by applyingvoltages to terminals of the switch 72 via resistors 74, 76, and 78. Forinstance, a gate bias voltage V_(G) can be applied to the gate of theswitch 72 via a first resistor 74. Second and third resistors 76 and 78,respectively, can pull the source and drain terminals, respectively, ofthe switch 72 to a source-drain bias voltage V_(SD). In someimplementations, the switch is an n-type field effect transistor, suchas an NMOS device. In these implementations, the switch 72 can beswitched on by applying the bias voltage V_(G) at a voltage level thatis higher that the source-drain bias voltage V_(SD) at the source anddrain of the switch 72. Turning on the switch 72 can couple one or morecapacitors 74 a and 74 b in parallel with the capacitance of the LCcircuit 25. The one or more capacitors 74 a and 74 b can be switched outfrom across the LC circuit 25 by turning off the switch 72. When theswitch is an n-type field effect transistor, applying a bias voltageV_(G) to the gate of the switch 72 at a voltage level that is lower thanthe source-drain bias voltage V_(SD) at the source and the drain of theswitch 72 can turn off the switch 72.

In some implementations, a functionally similar capacitor switchingcircuit 70 can be used in an LC circuit of a voltage-controlledoscillator (VCO) that is separate from the LNA 20. The capacitance ofthe one or more capacitors in a switching circuit of the LC circuit ofthe VCO can be scaled relative to the corresponding one or morecapacitors 74 a and 74 b included in the switching circuit 70 of the LCcircuit 25 of an LNA. The frequency of the zero imaginary component ofthe impedance across the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20 can be tuned basedon the separate VCO. In this way, the resonant frequency of the LCcircuit 25 of the LNA 20 can be tuned. Such tuning can compensate forvariations, such as process variations, and stabilize gain or the LNA20.

FIG. 6 is a graph that illustrates a relationship among LNA frequencybands and VCO frequency bands after frequency tuning. The LC circuit ofthe LNA and the separate VCO can have a different number of frequencybands. For example, in the implementation of FIG. 6, the VCO has 128frequency bands and the LNA has 16 frequency bands to tune theirrespective LC circuits. To create 16 frequency bands, the LNA can have afrequency tuning circuit 26 that includes four capacitor switchingcircuits 70. A linear fitting algorithm can be applied to select an LNAfrequency band corresponding to each selected VCO frequency band. Thelinear fitting can be performed on the VCO frequency bands within apredetermined range of frequency bands, for example, between band 12 andband 74 in the implementation of FIG. 6. When the VCO operates atfrequency bands outside of the predetermined range, the LNA frequencyband can be set to the lowest band for VCO frequency bands below thepredetermined range and to the highest frequency band for VCO frequencybands above the predetermined range.

The VCO operating frequency can be a multiple of LNA operatingfrequency, for example, 2, 4, 8 or more. This can avoid on chipinterference and be taken into account when computing a selected LNAfrequency band. The relationship shown in FIG. 6 can be implementedusing a look-up table (or other non-volatile memory) or a linear-fittingengine configured to receive the VCO frequency band as an input andgenerate the selected LNA band as an output. The resonant frequency ofthe LNA, which can correspond to a maximum LNA gain, can have a linearfit that indicates that the frequency tuning algorithm is accurate. Forinstance, in some implementations, the LNA resonant frequency (which canbe the frequency at which the LNA has a maximum gain) tuning error canhave an error of no more than approximately +/−0.5% across the entirefrequency tuning range of the VCO. In one implementation, tuning errorof +/−0.5% was observed in an example receiver in which the VCO centerfrequency was varied within the range from 2350 MHz to 2575 MHz.

FIGS. 7-13 depict schematic block diagrams of RF receivers, componentsthereof, and graphs relating thereto, according to some implementations.With reference to FIGS. 7-13, non-limiting examples of how an LNAfrequency can be tuned and/or how LNA quality factor can be adjustedwill be described. It will be understood that any combination offeatures described with reference to FIGS. 7-13 can be applied to tuningfrequency and/or adjusting a quality factor of an LC circuit. In thesefigures, like reference numerals indicate identical or functionallysimilar elements that can implement any combination of features of therespective blocks described with reference to any of FIGS. 7-13.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a block diagram of an example RF receiver 100configured to tune a quality factor and/or a frequency of an LNA will bedescribed. An RF input signal can be received by an antenna 102. The RFinput signal can be provided to an LNA 104 via a matching networkcircuit. The LNA 20 can generate an amplified RF signal. A mixer 106 canobtain the amplified RF signal from the LNA 20. A VCO 108, which isseparate from the LNA 20, can drive the mixer 106. The mixer 106 candown-convert the amplified RF signal to a low frequency base-bandsignal. The mixer 106 can generate two low frequency base-band signalsthat are 90 degrees out of phase from each other and provide one signalto an in-phase path (I path) and one signal to an out-of-phase path (Qpath). The I path and the Q path can include functionally similarelements configured to perform substantially the same operations on theout of phase signals. For ease of description, one path will bedescribed. A low frequency base-band signal can be converted to voltagevia a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) 110. The voltage can besubsequently filtered by a base-band filter 112, such as a low passfilter. In some implementations, the base-band filter 112 can include areal pole stage and a biquad stage. A programmable-gain amplifier (PGA)114 can adjust the signal level of the base-band filtered signal. Anoutput of the PGA 114 can be digitized by an analog-to-digital converter(ADC) 116.

Signals received at the antenna 102 can have varying amplitudes. Thereceiver 100 can provide a higher gain in a receive path for signalsreceived at the antenna 102 having a lower amplitude and a lower gain inthe receive path for signals with received at the antenna 102 having ahigher amplitude. In this way, the receiver 100 can provide signalshaving approximately the same amplitude regardless of the amplitude of asignal received at the antenna 102.

Several components of the RF receiver 100 can adjust the amplitude ofthe received RF signal. For example, the LNA 20, the RF mixer 106, thebase-band filter 112, and the PGA 114 can have programmable gains toadjust signal amplitude. A digital demodulator 118 can demodulate anoutput of the ADC 116. An automatic gain control (AGC) system 120 canmeasure signal strength at the output of the ADC 116 and adjust thegains of the LNA 20, base-band filter 112 (which can be a low passfilter), the PGA 114, or any combination thereof. The AGC system 120 canestimate the RSSI of the received RF signal. An RSSI measurement can bestored in an RSSI memory 122, which can include any suitable memoryelement.

The RSSI measurement can be computed from a gain of the RF receiver 100.The gain of the RF receiver 100 from an input (for example, at theantenna 102) to an output (for example, the output of the ADC 116) canbe determined from gains of individual components. The individual gainsof several components can be computed within an acceptable accuracy formost components of the RF receiver 100. However, determining the gain ofthe LNA 20 within a desired accuracy has proved difficult.

The gain of the LNA 20 can be computed, for example, based on Equation 1provided above. A control block, such as an LNA control 130 can controlthe parasitic resistance R_(P,LNA) of the LNA 20 by adjustingconductance across the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20 based on frequencydata and/or quality factor data. The frequency data can include any ofthe data for tuning LNA frequency described herein, for example, as willbe described with reference to FIGS. 8, 9, and 11-13. The quality factordata can include any of the data for adjusting the quality factor of theLNA described herein, for example, as will be described with referenceto FIGS. 8, 9, and 11-13. The LNA gain can be stabilized by tuning thequality factor and/or resonant frequency. Stabilizing the gain of theLNA 20 via the LNA control 130 can increase the accuracy of the measuredRSSI. As a result, in some implementations, a location of a deviceincluding the receiver 100 can be improved.

FIG. 8A depicts another example RF receiver 150 in which quality factorof the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20 can be tuned based on a detectedtemperature of an IC that includes the RF receiver 150 and/or frequencyof the LC circuit 25 of the LNA can be tuned based on tuning datagenerated for a separate VCO 108. In the implementation of FIG. 8A, theresonant frequency of the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20 can be tuned basedon an output of a VCO frequency tuning block 152 that is configured toadjust the frequency of the VCO 108. For instance, the frequency tuningblock can select a frequency band of operation for the VCO 108 byselectively activating switching circuits, such as the switchingcircuits 70, to adjust the resonant frequency of the VCO 108. The outputof the VCO frequency tuning block 152 can be indicative of a VCOfrequency band of operation. Alternatively or additionally, the qualityfactor of the LC circuit 25 of the LNA can be tuned based on anindicator of IC temperature generated by an IC temperature monitor 154or any other suitable temperature detection element.

A fitting and control block 156 can receive the signal indicative of aVCO frequency band of operation and/or the indicator of IC temperature.The fitting and control block 156 can be configured to process digitalsignals. Such a fitting and control block 156 can be referred to as adigital fitting and control block. The fitting and control block 156 canperform linear (and/or polynomial) fitting on the received signals. Forexample, the signal indicative of a VCO frequency band of operation canbe fit to an LNA frequency tuning value based on the relationship shownin FIG. 6 or any other suitable correlation. The LNA frequency tuningvalue can include voltages configured to turn switches 72 on or off inone or more capacitor switching circuits 70 of the frequency tuningcircuit 26. This can adjust the resonant frequency of the LC circuit 25to a desired frequency band, for example, as described with reference toFIGS. 2 and 5. Adjusting the resonant frequency of the LC circuit 25 cantune a frequency of a zero imaginary component of an impedance acrossthe LC circuit 25 to a desired frequency based on a frequency ofoperation selected for the receiver 150. As another example, the signalindicative of IC temperature can be fit to an LNA quality factor tuningvalue based on the relationship shown in FIG. 4 or any other suitablecorrelation. The LNA quality factor tuning value can include a biascurrent control word and a select signal provided to a quality factortuning circuit 28. The select signal can represent a polarity/sign ofquality factor tuning. The LNA quality factor tuning can adjust theconductance across the LC circuit 25 to adjust for variations inparasitic resistance across an LC circuit, for example, as describedwith reference to FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B.

FIG. 8B is a graph that illustrates a relationship among temperature andreceived signal strength indication (RSSI) error at multiple powerlevels of the example receiver of FIG. 8A. RSSI error was measuredbefore (uncalibrated) and after (calibrated) quality factor tuning at RFinput power levels of −85 dBm, −60 dBm, −35 dBm, and −15 dBm for a 500kHz base-band frequency tone. A single point correction at −85 dBm wasapplied to compensate for losses in the RF front-end and measurementsetup. The tuning (calibration) was performed based on IC temperaturedata generated by the IC temperature monitor 154 and a LUT in thefitting and control block 156 in accordance with the relationship shownin FIG. 4. In the LUT, IC temperature data which is used such that foreach average of ADC read-back (which can be temperature dependent), aselected setting for tuning quality factor tuning, for example, with acircuit functionally similar to the circuit of FIG. 3A, circuit is used.

To generate the data shown in FIG. 8B, temperature was swept inincrements of 5° C. and RSSI error was measured relative to RF inputpower levels of −85 dBm, −60 dBm, −35 dBm, and −15 dBm. Quality factortuning settings were determined at each temperature based on a LUT inthe fitting and control block 156 in accordance with the relationshipshown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 8B, without tuning (uncalibratedRSSI), there was a total variation of approximately 4.5 dB in the RSSImeasurement. As also shown in FIG. 8B, higher RSSI error was observed athigher temperatures. The quality factor tuning, using a circuitfunctionally similar to FIG. 3B, reduced the total variation incalibrated RSSI error to approximately 1 dB. Thus, quality factor tuningresulted in an improvement of approximately 3.5 dB for the testedreceiver. Such an improvement is consistent with improvements observedfrom using the absolute value of the IC temperature for tuning qualityfactor.

FIG. 8C is a graph that illustrates a relationship among temperature andRSSI for multiple devices of the example receiver of FIG. 8A. The graphin FIG. 8C shows measured RSSI before and after quality factor tuning(calibration) for an RF input power level of −85 dBm for 500 kHzbase-band frequency tone versus temperature for five differentreceivers. A single point correction at −85 dBm was applied tocompensate for losses in the RF front-end and measurement setup. Asshown in FIG. 8C, the total variation in RSSI is approximately 7.5 dBbefore tuning (uncalibrated). Using the quality factor tuning settingsbased on the relationship shown in FIG. 4 for all five receivers, atotal RSSI error of about 1.8 dB across all five receivers was observed.This improvement of almost 6 dB across all five receivers can besignificant in certain implementations.

FIG. 9 depicts another example RF receiver 160 that is configured to usea separate VCO 108 for tuning a resonant frequency of the LC circuit 25of the LNA 20 and/or to detect variation in circuit quality factor ofthe LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20. The RF receiver 160 can include a VCOquality factor estimation block 164 instead of or in addition to the ICtemperature monitor 154 of the receiver 150 of FIG. 9. The fitting andcontrol block 156 can generate the LNA quality factor tuning value basedon VCO quality factor estimation information generated by the qualityfactor estimation block 164.

In some implementations, both the quality factor and the frequency ofthe LC circuit 25 of the LNA can be tuned based on an oscillator, suchas the VCO 108, that is separate from the LNA 20. FIG. 10 is a blockdiagram of an example implementation of a VCO 108 that can detectvariations in quality factor. The VCO 108 can include an LC circuit 172and a negative conductance circuit 174. The negative conductance circuit174 can include an NMOS transistor sustaining amplifier, for example, asshown in FIG. 10. Losses in the LC circuit 172 can be modeled by theparasitic resistive R_(P,VCO). The negative conductance provided by thesustaining amplifier can compensate for the energy losses and/ordissipation in the LC circuit 172 and sustain the VCO oscillation at aresonant frequency. The LC circuit 172 of the VCO 108 can be a scaledreplica of the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20 in some implementations.

The frequency of the LC circuit 172 can be tuned by a frequency tuningcircuit, which can include any combination of features described withreference to the frequency tuning circuit 26. After the VCO 108 is tunedto a desired frequency, a linear-fitting algorithm can be applied to seta desired LNA frequency band, for example, via the fitting and controlblock 156.

The VCO 108 can include an amplitude level control (ALC) loop configuredto stabilize the amplitude of the VCO 108 across temperature variations,process variations, supply voltage variations, the like, or anycombination thereof. The ALC loop can include a rectifier 176 havinginputs coupled to opposing sides of the LC circuit 172. The ALC loop canalso include a comparator 178 configured to compare an output of therectifier 176 with a programmable reference voltage V_(REF). A digitalstate machine 179 can generate a bias DAC code based on the output ofthe comparator 178. The digital state machine 179 can implement, forexample, a successive approximation (SAR) algorithm to generate the biasDAC code. The bias DAC code can control the amplitude of the VCO 108 byselectively controlling current sources configured to bias thesustaining amplifier of the negative conductance circuit 174. Forexample, the bias DAC code can be provided to the VCO bias DAC.

The quality factor of the LC circuit 172 of the VCO 108 can be estimatedafter a frequency tuning phase of operation in which the digital statemachine 179 iterates through some or all possible bias DAC codes of theVCO 108. The digital state machine 179 can monitor the output of thecomparator 178. At a particular VCO bias DAC code, the output of thecomparator 178 transitions from a logic “0” to a logic “1.” Thisparticular bias DAC code can be an indicator of the quality factor ofthe LC circuit 172. At this particular bias DAC code, the amplitude ofan output of the VCO 108 can be approximately equal to a targetamplitude set by the programmable reference voltage V_(REF) provided tothe comparator 178. The target amplitude can be set to be just above avoltage level that should lead to the onset of the oscillation of theVCO 108. As a result, the voltage swing across the negative conductancecircuit 174 can be relatively small. This can keep the negativeconductance circuit 174, which is configured to sustain oscillation theVCO 108, in a linear range of operation. For a nominal quality factorfor the LC circuit 172, i.e., a quality factor corresponding to nominallosses in the LC circuit 172, there can be a given bias current used tosustain oscillation of the VCO 108. If the temperature increases, thelosses in the LC circuit 172 can increase, which can cause the parasiticresistive R_(P,VCO) of the VCO to decrease. As a result, more biascurrent can be used to sustain oscillation of the VCO 108. Conversely,less bias current can be used to sustain oscillation of the VCO 108 ifthe temperature decreases since the value of the parasitic resistanceR_(P,VCO) of the VCO 108 can increase with the decrease in temperature.

The VCO bias DAC code at which the onset of oscillation is detected canalso be indicative of variations in the quality factor of the LC circuit25 of the LNA 20. Accordingly, the fitting and control block 156 of FIG.9 can determine the LNA quality factor tuning value by applying afitting algorithm to the VCO bias DAC code at which the onset ofoscillation is detected. The fitting algorithm can determine when theVCO bias DAC code exceeds a nominal value that corresponds to nominallosses in the LC circuit 172. The VCO bias DAC code exceeding thenominal value can be indicative of more losses in the LC circuit 25 ofthe LNA 20. Then the quality factor tuning circuit 28 can adjust thequality factor of the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20 closer to the nominalvalue by increasing the negative conductance across the LC circuit 25 ofthe LNA 20 based on the LNA quality factor tuning value. On the otherhand, when the VCO bias DAC code is less than the nominal value, whichcan be indicative of less loss in the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20, thepositive conductance across the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20 can beincreased by the quality factor tuning circuit 28 to tune the qualityfactor to be close to the nominal value based on the LNA quality factortuning value.

The quality factor estimation methods described above can detect lossesin the LC circuit 172 due to previous frequency tuning. In the LCcircuit 172, the switch used to couple a frequency band capacitor acrossthe LC circuit 172 can have an associated on-resistance, which cancontribute to the losses in the LC circuit 172. The on-resistance canhave a larger effect in some wide-bandwidth VCO designs, for example.

As discussed above, the VCO bias DAC code at which the output of thecomparator transitions from a logic “0” (for example, at 0V) to a logic“1” (for example, at 1.8V) can correspond to the onset of oscillation ofthe VCO 108 and consequently an indicator of the quality factor of theLC circuit 172. At higher than nominal temperatures, the VCO bias DACcode can be increased to compensate for the losses in the LC circuit 172relative to the nominal. Conversely, at lower than nominal temperatures,the bias DAC code can be decreased.

When more capacitors are switched in across the LC circuit 172, morelosses can be introduced in the LC circuit 172. Likewise, when fewercapacitors are switched in across the LC circuit 172, less loss may beintroduced in the LC circuit 172. Accordingly, the VCO bias DAC code atthe onset of oscillation can be higher for higher frequency bands inwhich more capacitors are switched in across the LC circuit 172. Thiscan be due to the increased on resistance of the switches that switch inthe capacitors. The opposite can occur for lower frequencies where adecrease in on resistance of switches configured to switch in capacitorsacross the LC circuit 172 can result in a lower VCO bias DAC code.Consequently, a quality factor estimation circuit, such as the VCOquality factor estimation block 164 of FIG. 9, can accurately estimatequality factor in the presence of frequency related quality factorlosses.

The frequency and quality factor tuning in the RF receiver 150 of FIG.8A and the RF receiver 160 of FIG. 9 are based on open-loop systemsconfigured to detect a variation in a performance aspect (for example,frequency and/or quality factor tuning errors). In theseimplementations, there can also be a fitting algorithm to compute theselecting tuning values for an LC circuit (for example, the LC circuit25 of the LNA 20) with performance parameters to be tuned. Some otherimplementations can include a feedback mechanism to assess the impact oftuning after the tuning values are applied to the LC circuit relative tothe un-tuned performance of the LC circuit before applying the tuningvalues. FIGS. 11-13 provide three example receivers that include aclosed feedback loop, which can enable a measurement to be made on theperformance parameter that is being tuned after applying the tuningvalues.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example RF receiver 180 configured toreceive an external off-chip RF source at an input of the LNA 20 forfrequency tuning and/or quality factor tuning. During a tuning phase ofoperation, the off-chip RF source 182 can operate at a specified RFpower level and the RSSI can be measured by the RF receiver 180. Sincethe applied RF power from the external RF source can be known, a targetRSSI value can be established for a tuning algorithm. Based on the RSSImeasurement generated by the AGC system 120 and/or stored in the RSSImemory 122, a 2D Successive Approximation (SAR) and/or a linear searchalgorithm can be used to determine the LNA frequency tuning value and/orthe LNA quality factor tuning value. While traditional SAR searchalgorithms operate on a single parameter, a 2D SAR search algorithm hasbeen disclosed in the context of an image rejection calibration schemein U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/881,019, filed Jul. 25, 2007 byQuinlan, et al., published as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0132191,titled “Image Rejection Calibration System,” assigned to the sameassignee as the present application, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. The 2D SAR algorithm can determineselected tuning values that reduce the error in measured RSSI below apredefined threshold and/or minimize the error in the measured RSSI.

With an off-chip RF source 182, the frequency tuning and/or qualityfactor tuning can be performed on an IC that includes the RF receiver180 during production of the hardware platform that includes the IC. Thefrequency tuning value and/or the quality factor tuning value can bestored on the IC in a LUT or other suitable non-volatile memory. As oneexample, the LUT can be a non-volatile memory such as a FLASH memory.The LUT can include a frequency tuning word LUT 187 and a quality factortuning word LUT 188, as illustrated in FIG. 11.

The frequency tuning and/or quality factor tuning can be performed oneach IC in production. Accordingly, tuning with an off-chip RF source182 can take into account process variations. However, the temperatureof the IC during production may be different from the operatingtemperature of the IC in a target application. The effect of temperaturevariations in the target application can be accounted for during thetuning phase of operation by sweeping the IC temperature and storing thefrequency tuning value and/or the quality factor tuning value for eachIC for a number of temperatures across the operating temperature rangeof the IC. For example, if the IC is configured to operate within atemperature range (for example, between −40° C. and 85° C.) in a targetapplication, the tuning values can be stored for at set increments (suchas 5° C. or 10° C. increments) within the temperature range. When the ICis used in the field, an IC temperature monitor 154 can detect theoperating temperature of the IC. A tuning and control circuit 186 canselect a desired frequency tuning value and/or a desired quality factortuning value based on the detected operating temperature of the IC. Thetuning and control circuit 186 can implement any suitable algorithm,such as a 2D SAR and/or a linear search algorithm, to determine thequality factor tuning value and/or the frequency tuning value.

Alternatively or additionally, the supply voltage at which the ICoperates during production while the frequency tuning and/or qualityfactor tuning is performed can be different from the supply voltage inan application in the field. Accordingly, the frequency tuning valueand/or the quality factor tuning value can also be stored at differentsupply voltage levels. These tuning values can be selected based on anindicator of a voltage value of the supply voltage, for example, asgenerated by a battery monitor 185. The battery monitor 185 can providean indicator of a voltage level of the supply voltage to the tuning andcontrol circuit 186. The tuning and control circuit 186 can then read aselected frequency tuning value and/or quality factor tuning value fromthe LUT corresponding to the indicator of the voltage level of thesupply voltage generated by the battery monitor 185.

Another way of tuning the frequency and/or quality factor of the LCcircuit 25 can include using an internal on-chip RF source. FIG. 12depicts an example RF receiver 190 that includes an on-chip RF source192 coupled to an input of the LNA 20 for frequency and/or qualityfactor tuning. A switch 194 can selectively couple the antenna 102 orthe on-chip RF source 192 to an input of the LNA 20. For instance, theswitch 194 can electrically couple the on-chip RF source 192 to theinput of the LNA 20 when the IC is in a tuning phase of operation andthe switch 194 can electrically couple the antenna 102 to the input ofthe LNA 20 during a phase of operation in which the receiver receives RFsignals. The RF receiver 190 can determine the frequency tuning valueand/or the quality factor tuning value in the presence of process,supply voltage and temperature variations since the tuning algorithm canbe performed on each IC while operating in the target application.Accordingly, a LUT or other non-volatile memory for the frequency tuningvalue and/or the quality factor tuning value may not be needed when anon-chip RF source 192 is included in an RF receiver.

During the tuning phase of operation, the on-chip RF source 192 canoperate at a specified RF power level. The RSSI can be measured whilethe on-chip RF source 192 operates at the specified RF power level.Since an applied RF power level from the on-chip RF source 192 can beknown, a target RSSI value can be set for the tuning algorithm. A tuningand control circuit 196 can receive a measured RSSI value from the RSSImemory 122. Based on the measured RSSI and the target RSSI value, thetuning and control circuit 196 can implement any suitable algorithm,such as a 2D SAR and/or a linear search algorithm, to determine the LNAfrequency tuning value and/or the LNA quality factor tuning value. Thiscan compensate for process variations, supply voltage variations,temperature variations, the like, or any combination thereof for eachindividual IC.

The on-chip RF source 192 can be implemented, for example, using asecond phase-locked loop (PLL) operating at a desired frequency or at aharmonic of the on-chip crystal oscillator, for example, as described inU.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0132191 incorporated by referenceabove. The second PLL can be separate from the PLL 109.

Instead of using an internal RF source or an external RF source, an LCcircuit can be tuned by controlling the LC circuit to oscillate suchthat a signal with a measurable frequency and amplitude is generated.For example, if the LNA 20 is controlled such that it oscillates usingone of the quality factor tuning circuits described herein, the LNA 20can oscillate at a frequency and an amplitude that are controlled by LCcircuit parameters. The output of the ADC 116 can be monitored to detectthe frequency and/or amplitude of the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an example RF receiver 200 that uses anLNA 20 forced into oscillation. In the example receiver 200, an input tothe LNA 20 can be controlled during a frequency and/or quality factortuning phase of operation to obtain data for use in determining thequality factor tuning value and/or the frequency tuning value duringother modes of operation. In the implementation shown in FIG. 13, the RFreceiver 200 in which an input to the LNA 20 can be muted by shortingthe LNA input to ground during the frequency and/or quality factortuning phase of operation. A switch 194 can couple an input of the LNA20 to a ground reference during the frequency and/or quality factortuning phase of operation. The switch 194 can couple the input of theLNA to the antenna 102 in other modes of operation, such as receiving anRF signal via the antenna 102. The digital demodulator 118 at the outputof the ADC 116 can include a frequency discriminator configured tomeasure an indicator of the frequency of oscillation that is set by theLC circuit 25 of the LNA 20. An indicator of the frequency ofoscillation can be provided to a tuning and control circuit 202 by thedigital demodulator 118 and/or the RSSI memory 122. The amplitude of theoutput of the ADC 116 can be measured via the AGC system 120. Theindicator of frequency and/or the indicator of amplitude can be providedto a tuning and control circuit 202 that implements any suitablealgorithm, such as a 2D SAR and/or a linear search algorithm, todetermine the quality factor tuning value and/or the frequency tuningvalue. These values can tune the LC circuit 25 of the LNA 20, forexample, to stabilize the parasitic resistance across the LC circuit 25and/or to stabilize the gain of the LNA as described herein.

CONCLUSION

In the embodiments described above, some methods, systems, and/orapparatus were described in conjunction with particular embodiments,such as an LNA that includes an LC circuit. A skilled artisan will,however, appreciate that the principles and advantages of theembodiments can be used for any other systems, apparatus, or methodswith a need for an LC circuit configured to have a stabilized gain. Someexample systems with a need for an LC circuit with a stabilized gaininclude wired and wireless communications transceivers, clock and datarecovery circuits for fiber optic cables, SerDes interfaces, and thelike.

Such methods, systems, and/or apparatus can be implemented into variouselectronic devices. Examples of the electronic devices can include, butare not limited to, consumer electronic products, parts of the consumerelectronic products, electronic test equipment, etc. Examples of theelectronic devices can also include memory chips, memory modules,circuits of optical networks or other communication networks, and diskdriver circuits. The consumer electronic products can include, but arenot limited to, wireless devices, a mobile phone (for example, a smartphone), cellular base stations, a telephone, a television, a computermonitor, a computer, a hand-held computer, a tablet computer, a laptopcomputer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a microwave, arefrigerator, a stereo system, a cassette recorder or player, a DVDplayer, a CD player, a digital video recorder (DVR), a VCR, an MP3player, a radio, a camcorder, a camera, a digital camera, a portablememory chip, a washer, a dryer, a washer/dryer, a copier, a facsimilemachine, a scanner, a multi functional peripheral device, a wrist watch,a clock, etc. Further, the electronic device can include unfinishedproducts.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,”“include,” “including,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusivesense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say,in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” The words “coupled” orconnected”, as generally used herein, refer to two or more elements thatmay be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or moreintermediate elements. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,”“below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application,shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particularportions of this application. Where the context permits, words in theDetailed Description using the singular or plural number may alsoinclude the plural or singular number, respectively. The words “or” inreference to a list of two or more items, is intended to cover all ofthe following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list,all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in thelist.

Moreover, conditional language used herein, such as, among others,“can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” “for example,” “such as” and thelike, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understoodwithin the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certainembodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certainfeatures, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is notgenerally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are inany way required for one or more embodiments or that one or moreembodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or withoutauthor input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/orstates are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

The above detailed description of certain embodiments is not intended tobe exhaustive or to limit the inventions to the precise form disclosedabove. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the inventionsare described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalentmodifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as thoseskilled in the relevant art will recognize.

The teachings of the inventions provided herein can be applied to othersystems, not necessarily the systems described above. The elements andacts of the various embodiments described above can be combined toprovide further embodiments.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, theseembodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are notintended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novelmethods, apparatus, and systems described herein may be embodied in avariety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutionsand changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein maybe made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. Theaccompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover suchforms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of thedisclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the present inventions is definedby reference to the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising a receiver, the receivercomprising: an oscillator configured to oscillate at a first resonantfrequency; a low-noise amplifier (LNA) comprising: an LC circuitcomprising a scaled replica of an LC circuit of the oscillator, whereinthe LC circuit of the LNA is separate from the oscillator and has asecond resonant frequency; and a switching network configured to adjustthe second resonant frequency based at least in part on LC circuitfrequency tuning data; and a fitting and control circuit configured tofit oscillator frequency tuning data to the LC circuit frequency tuningdata based at least in part on a mapping of an oscillator frequency bandof the oscillator to an LC circuit frequency band of the LC circuit ofthe LNA, wherein the mapping is obtained through the use of a scalingfactor.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the scaling factor is lessthan
 1. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fitting and controlcircuit comprises a look up table storing data associated with themapping.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fitting and controlcircuit is configured to fit the oscillator frequency tuning data to theLC circuit frequency tuning data such that a range of oscillatorfrequency bands corresponds to the LC circuit frequency band.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a quality factor tuning circuitconfigured to stabilize a conductance across the LC circuit byselectively electrically coupling either a positive conductance or anegative conductance across the LC circuit.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5,further comprising an integrated circuit temperature monitor configuredto generate an indicator of integrated circuit temperature, wherein thequality factor tuning circuit is configured to stabilize the conductanceacross the LC circuit based at least partly on the indicator ofintegrated circuit temperature.
 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein theoscillator is a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), wherein theapparatus further comprises a VCO quality factor estimation blockconfigured to generate VCO quality factor estimation information,wherein the quality factor tuning circuit is configured to stabilize theconductance across the LC circuit based at least partly on the VCOquality factor estimation information.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the switching network is configured to adjust the secondresonant frequency by adjusting capacitance across the LC circuit. 9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the switching network comprises aplurality of switching circuits, each of the switching circuitscomprising: a field effect transistor having a gate configured toreceive a gate voltage, a source, and a drain, wherein the gate voltagein configured to turn the field effect transistor on or off; a firstresistor configured to apply a bias voltage to the drain of the fieldeffect transistor; and a second resistor configured to apply the biasvoltage to the source of the field effect transistor.
 10. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the oscillator is a voltage-controlled oscillator(VCO) that comprises an amplitude level control loop configured tostabilize amplitude of the VCO.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, whereinthe VCO comprises a state machine configured to generate a bias code tostabilize the amplitude of the VCO.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11,wherein the amplitude level control loop comprises a comparator, andwherein the state machine is configured to monitor an output of thecomparator to detect a quality factor of an LC circuit of the VCO. 13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the oscillator is a voltage-controlledoscillator (VCO), and wherein the receiver further comprises a VCOtuning circuit configured to provide the oscillator frequency tuningdata to the oscillator to tune the first resonant frequency of theoscillator.
 14. An electronically-implemented method of tuning afrequency of an LC circuit in a receiver, the method comprising:generating frequency tuning data for an oscillator; mapping thefrequency tuning data for the oscillator to a frequency tuning value forthe LC circuit based at least in part on a mapping between a frequencyband of the oscillator and a frequency band of the LC circuit, whereinthe mapping is obtained through the use of a scaling factor; and tuninga frequency of the LC circuit based at least partly on the frequencytuning value, wherein the LC circuit is separate from the oscillator andcomprises a scaled replica of an LC circuit of the oscillator.
 15. Theelectronically-implemented method of claim 14, wherein said mappingcomprises using the frequency tuning data for the oscillator to retrievethe frequency tuning value for the LC circuit from a look-up table. 16.The electronically-implemented method of claim 14, wherein theoscillator is a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), wherein the LCcircuit is embodied in a low-noise amplifier (LNA).
 17. Theelectronically-implemented method of claim 14, wherein said tuningcomprises adjusting a capacitance across the LC circuit using aswitching network.
 18. The electronically-implemented method of claim14, wherein the scaling factor is less than
 1. 19. An apparatuscomprising a receiver, the receiver comprising: a voltage-controlledoscillator (VCO) configured to oscillate at a resonant frequency; acontrol circuit configured to generate LC circuit frequency tuning databased at least in part on an indicator of the resonant frequency of theVCO; and a low-noise amplifier (LNA) comprising: an LC circuit separatefrom the VCO, the LC circuit having a resonant frequency; and aswitching network configured to adjust the resonant frequency of the LCcircuit based at least in part on the LC circuit frequency tuning data;wherein the VCO comprises a scaled replica of the LC circuit and asustaining amplifier configured to apply a negative conductance acrossthe scaled replica of the LC circuit.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19,wherein the LNA comprises a negative transconductance circuit configuredto apply a negative conductance across the LC circuit.